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- 01
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- WARRANTY STATEMENT
-
- No warranty of any kind is offered or implied for use of the programs
- contained on this Demonstration Diskette. Those who choose to register
- their use of the SPPC under the "Share" option will be granted a limited
- warranty with their updated diskette.
- *
-
- Learning About S P P C
-
- The SPPC is a fully interactive statistical program that enables you to
- enter, manage, and analyze simple and complex sets of data. In order to
- use the SPPC, you must enter your data and store it on a diskette or
- hard disk file. You can then conduct any statistical analysis that is
- available.
-
- The statistical procedures that are available through the SPPC are rather
- extensive. You can perform simple descriptive statistics, a wide range of
- parametric and non-parametric tests, several types of simple and complex
- regression analysis, several types of factor analysis, and more. You can
- examine the full range of the various statistical analyses that are avail-
- able by choosing the 'Analyze data' option on the main menu and then look-
- ing within the various menus that are then provided to you.
-
- A truly unique feature of the SPPC is its very high degree of 'user friend-
- liness.' You hardly need a manual of any kind in order to make full use of
- the SPPC because of the extensive set of 'Help' instructions. That is, you
- can obtain assistance at any time you see "Help = ?" on your screen. At
- those points just press the ? key (i.e., Shift ?).
- *
- DATA INPUT
-
- Although some of the procedures in the SPPC allow you to enter data from
- the keyboard, its real power arises from the fact that it will process
- truly large data files. If you have a very large number of cases in a set
- of data you may wish to store the data in two or more files that have
- different names. If you wish to do that, the SPPC programs that accept raw
- data files will also accept continuation files and continue to process your
- data. You may use as many continuation files as you wish and they may con-
- tinue over two or more diskettes.
-
- Should you choose to use continuation files, it is ESSENTIAL that they each
- have exactly the same format or structure. While each may have a different
- number of 'cases', each MUST have the same number of variables in the same
- order and possessing the same names.
- *
- MISSING VALUES
-
- Each of the SPPC programs that processes raw data from keyboard or from
- disk files will also permit the processing of a missing values code. The
- missing values code that you select MUST be a positive or negative real
- number. It cannot be a character. Thus, for example, if your data file
- contains both positive and negative values you might wish to use as your
- missing values code some extremely large value that will always exceed
- the value of valid numeric data -- like, say, 1.0E88 (entered as 1e88).
- On the other hand, if you know that all your valid data values are posi-
- tive numbers, you might wish to use as your missing values code a number
- as simple as, say, -1. You may use any real number as your missing values
- code. The default value is always set to 1e88.
- *
- CREATING DATA FILES
-
- An especially convenient feature of the SPPC arises from the fact that you
- can create your data files by using any text editor or word processing
- program that stores text files as true ASCII data. Or, you can create data
- files by using the procedures available through the 'Manage data' option.
-
- If you choose to create data files by using a text editor or word process-
- ing program, be sure it does not store a carriage return in your file.
-
- (Note: You may return to the main menu at any time by pressing
- the = key. Press the space bar to continue.)
- *
-
- Basically, the SPPC allows for the processing of three types of data:
-
- (1) Data provided by keyboard input for a small number of procedures,
- (2) Raw-score data files stored on diskette or hard disk, and
- (3) Summary data files stored on diskette or hard disk.
-
- The next page provides instruction for constructing a data file by use
- of a text editor or word processing program.
- *
- CREATING A RAW SCORE DATA FILE
-
- 1. The first line of any input file MUST consist of a "header" statement
- that contains at least one non-blank character. Ordinarily this first
- line (up to 80 characters) is used to document the file. It may contain
- any message that you wish. If the first line of your file is completely
- blank, the file will not be read. However, blank lines may be used to
- separate subsequent data lines.
-
- 2. The next data line of the input file must contain three entries: the
- sample size, the number of variables, and the "data type". "Data type"
- must equal "r" or "R" for a raw score data file. For example, if you
- were to enter a raw data file based on a sample size of 308 and having
- 19 variables, the second line of the input file would be shown as:
-
- 308 19 R
-
- These three "values" may be placed anywhere on the line provided they
- are in the order of "Sample Size, Number of Variables", and "Data Type"
- and provided they are separated by at least one blank space.
- *
-
- 3. The next one or more lines of your input data file MUST contain names
- for your variables -- one name for each variable -- shown in the order
- in which the variables are entered. Each name may consist of one to
- fifteen characters, but each variable must be named. Each name must be
- separated by at least one blank space.
-
- 4. The lines following the variable names must contain the raw score
- values of the variables. Each value must be separated by at least
- one blank space. The data line(s) for each case should begin on a
- new line. Each data value may have as many decimal positions as
- desired, but no more than 15 will be used by the program.
-
- The next page shows a complete example of a raw data file.
- *
- The LONGLEY Raw Data: Byte Magazine (Nov. 1983), pp. 560-570
- 16 7 R
- Employed GNP_Deflator GNP Unemployed Armed_Forces Population Year
- 60.323 83.0 234.289 235.6 159.0 107.608 1947
- 61.122 88.5 259.426 232.5 145.6 108.632 1948
- 60.171 88.2 258.054 368.2 161.6 109.773 1949
- 61.187 89.5 284.599 335.1 165.0 110.929 1950
- 63.221 96.2 328.975 209.9 309.9 112.075 1951
- 63.639 98.1 346.999 193.2 359.4 113.270 1952
- 64.989 99.0 365.385 187.0 354.7 115.094 1953
- 63.761 100.0 363.112 357.8 335.0 116.219 1954
- 66.019 101.2 397.469 290.4 304.8 117.388 1955
- 67.857 104.6 419.180 282.2 285.7 118.734 1956
- 68.169 108.4 442.769 293.6 279.8 120.445 1957
- 66.513 110.8 444.546 468.1 263.7 121.950 1958
- 68.655 112.6 482.704 381.3 255.2 123.366 1959
- 69.564 114.2 502.601 393.1 251.4 125.368 1960
- 69.331 115.7 518.173 480.6 257.2 127.852 1961
- 70.551 116.9 554.894 400.7 282.7 130.081 1962
- *
- CREATING A SUMMARY DATA FILE
-
- 1. The first line of any input file MUST consist of a "header" statement
- that contains at least one non-blank character. Ordinarily this first
- line (up to 80 characters) is used to document the file. It may contain
- any message that you wish. If the first line of your file is completely
- blank, the file will not be read. However, blank lines may be used to
- separate subsequent data lines.
-
- 2. The next data line of the input file must contain three entries; the
- sample size, the number of variables, and the "data type". "Data type"
- must equal "s" or "S" for a summary data file. For example, if you were
- to enter a summary data file based on a sample size of 308 and having
- 19 variables, the second line of the input file would be shown as:
-
- 308 19 S
-
- These three "values" may be placed anywhere on the line provided they
- are in the order of "Sample Size, Number of Variables", and "Data Type"
- and provided they are separated by at least one blank space.
- *
-
- 3. The next one or more lines of your input data file MUST contain names
- for your variables -- one name for each variable -- shown in the order
- in which the variables are entered. Each name may consist of one to
- fifteen characters, but each variable must be named. Each name must be
- separated by at least one blank space.
-
- 4. The next one or more lines of your summary data file must contain the
- variable means (one for each variable), and each must be separated by
- at least one blank space.
-
- 5. The next one or more lines of your summary data file must contain the
- variable standard deviations (one for each variable), and each must be
- separated by at least one blank space.
-
- 6. The next one or more lines of your summary data file must contain all
- of the correlations among the variables. However, you must enter ONLY
- the upper triangular portion of the correlation matrix. Each correlation
- must be separated by at least one blank space.
- *
-
- You should note that whenever you use a summary data file All standard
- deviations MUST be unbiased estimates, i.e., they must be computed using
- N-1 in the denominator.
-
- All means, standard deviations, and correlations should be entered with
- as many decimal positions of accuracy as are available to you. However,
- decimal positions beyond 15 will be ignored.
-
- An illustration of a complete summary input data file is shown on the next
- page.
- *
- This is the "header" line for a summary data file.
- 308 4 S
- Depression Self_Esteem Income Education
- 45.87 61.36 11842.34 15.6 (Means)
- 11.67 8.98 897.34 3.6 (Standard Deviations)
- 1.0000 0.7436 0.1247 0.2178 (Correlations)
- 1.0000 0.1742 0.0921
- 1.0000 0.4634
- 1.0000
- *
-
- When entering correlations into a summary file they do not have to be
- entered in 'triangular' patterns as shown in the previous screen. The
- triangular pattern was presented to highlight the fact that you must
- enter the upper triangular portion of the correlation matrix. The above
- correlations could as well have been entered as follows:
-
- 1.0000 0.7436 0.1247 0.2178 1.0000 0.1742 0.0921 1.0000 0.4634
- 1.0000
- *
-
- That's about all you need to know about the SPPC for the moment. Extensive
- instruction is available at precisely the times and places when you need
- it.
- =